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偏置随机游走:最小初始资金使胜率 ≥ 1/2

Minimal Initial Point in a Stochastic Process

专题
Probability / 概率
难度
L6

题目详情

考虑随机过程 {Xn}\{X_n\}X0=aX_0=a,且对 n1n\ge 1

Xn=a+Z1++Zn,X_n=a+Z_1+\cdots+Z_n,

其中 ZiZ_i 独立同分布,且 P(Zi=1)=0.49P(Z_i=1)=0.49P(Zi=1)=0.51P(Z_i=-1)=0.51

τc\tau_cτ0\tau_0 分别为过程首次到达 cc 或 0 的时间。给定 c=10000c=10000,求最小的正整数 aa,使得

P(τc<τ0)12.\mathbb{P}(\tau_c<\tau_0)\ge \frac{1}{2}.

Consider a stochastic process {Xn}\{X_n\} where X0=aX_0 = a and Xn=a+Z1+Z2++ZnX_n = a + Z_1 + Z_2 + \cdots + Z_n for n1n \geq 1. The ZiZ_i are independent and identically distributed random variables, each taking a value of 11 with probability 0.490.49 and 1-1 with probability 0.510.51. Let τc\tau_c and τ0\tau_0 be the first times the process reaches cc or 00, respectively. Given c=10,000c = 10{,}000, determine the minimal positive integer aa such that the probability P(τc<τ0)\mathbb{P}(\tau_c < \tau_0) is at least 1/21/2.

解析

这是带偏置的赌徒破产(Gambler's Ruin)。设向上概率 p=0.49p=0.49、向下概率 q=0.51q=0.51,令 r=qp>1r=\frac{q}{p}>1

pqp\ne q 时,从 aa 出发先到 cc(而非 0)的概率为

P(τc<τ0)=ra1rc1.\mathbb{P}(\tau_c<\tau_0)=\frac{r^a-1}{r^c-1}.

要求其 1/2\ge 1/2,等价于

rarc+12.r^a\ge \frac{r^c+1}{2}.

由于 c=10000c=10000 很大,rc1r^c\gg 1,因此近似为 ra12rcr^a\gtrsim \frac{1}{2}r^c,即

acln2lnr.a\gtrsim c-\frac{\ln 2}{\ln r}.

这里 r=0.51/0.491.040816r=0.51/0.49\approx 1.040816lnr0.04\ln r\approx 0.04,所以 ln2lnr17.33\frac{\ln 2}{\ln r}\approx 17.33

因此最小整数 a=9983a=\boxed{9983}