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平均 3 个菌落:恰好 3 个的比例

Moldy Gelatin

专题
General / 综合
难度
L4

题目详情

Airborne spores produce tiny mold colonies on gelatin plates in a laboratory. The many plates average 3 colonies per plate. What fraction of plates has exactly 3 colonies? If the average is a large integer mm , what fraction of plates has exactly mm colonies?

解析

若菌落数 XPoisson(m)X\sim\mathrm{Poisson}(m),则

P(X=r)=emmrr!.\mathbb{P}(X=r)=e^{-m}\frac{m^r}{r!}.

题设 m=3m=3,因此

P(X=3)=e3333!=92e30.224.\boxed{\mathbb{P}(X=3)=e^{-3}\frac{3^3}{3!}=\frac{9}{2}e^{-3}\approx 0.224}.

当均值为大整数 mm 时,恰好等于均值的概率为

P(X=m)=emmmm!12πm\mathbb{P}(X=m)=e^{-m}\frac{m^m}{m!}\approx \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi m}}

(用 Stirling 公式)。