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两枚鱼雷击沉军舰

Two torpedoes

专题
Probability / 概率
难度
L4

题目详情

两枚鱼雷分别独立命中目标的概率均为 p=23p=\frac{2}{3}

  1. 军舰被击沉(至少命中一次)的概率是多少?
  2. 在已知军舰被击沉的条件下,“恰好命中 1 次”和“命中 2 次”的条件概率分别是多少?

Two torpedoes each with p=23p=\frac{2}{3}, probability ship is sunk, and the conditional probabilities

解析
  1. 至少命中一次:
1(1p)2=1(123)2=1(13)2=89.1-(1-p)^2=1-\left(1-\frac{2}{3}\right)^2=1-\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)^2=\frac{8}{9}.
  1. 先算两种情形的无条件概率:
  • 恰好命中 1 次:22313=492\cdot\frac{2}{3}\cdot\frac{1}{3}=\frac{4}{9}
  • 命中 2 次:(23)2=49\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^2=\frac{4}{9}

在“击沉”事件(概率 8/98/9)条件下,两者条件概率都是

4989=12.\frac{\frac{4}{9}}{\frac{8}{9}}=\frac{1}{2}.

Original Explanation

  • Probability at least one hit: 1(123)2=1(13)2=119=89.1-(1-\tfrac23)^2=1-(\tfrac13)^2=1-\tfrac19=\tfrac{8}{9}.
  • If the ship is sunk, the scenarios are: 1 hit or 2 hits. We compute:
    • Probability exactly 1 hits: 2×23×13=49.2 \times \tfrac23 \times \tfrac13=\tfrac{4}{9}.
    • Probability both hit: (23)2=49.(\tfrac23)^2=\tfrac{4}{9}.
  • Among the total 89\tfrac{8}{9} probability of a sink, half is from “1 hit” and half from “2 hits,” so each is 4/98/9=12.\tfrac{4/9}{8/9}=\tfrac12.