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随机分割:最短段的期望

最短片段期望

专题
Probability / 概率
难度
L4

题目详情

Assume that n2n\geq 2 . The line segment of length 1 is divided into nn smaller segments by n1n - 1 points that are chosen uniformly at random. What is the expected value of the shortest segment?

解析

[0,1][0,1] 上随机取 n1n-1 个点把线段分成 nn 段,记最短段长度为 MM

E[M]=01/nP(Mt)dt.\mathbb{E}[M]=\int_0^{1/n}\mathbb{P}(M\ge t)\,dt.

MtM\ge t 等价于所有段长都至少为 tt。对点按从小到大排序并作线性变换,可得

P(Mt)=(1nt)n1,0t1n.\mathbb{P}(M\ge t)=(1-nt)^{n-1},\quad 0\le t\le \frac{1}{n}.

因此

E[M]=01/n(1nt)n1dt=1n2.\mathbb{E}[M]=\int_0^{1/n}(1-nt)^{n-1}\,dt=\frac{1}{n^2}.

E[M]=1n2.\boxed{\mathbb{E}[M]=\frac{1}{n^2}}.