两红两绿两黄
How many weighings on a scale are necessary to identify the three heavy balls
题目详情
有两颗红球、两颗绿球、两颗黄球。每种颜色中一颗是重的、另一颗是轻的。
所有重球重量相同,所有轻球重量相同。
用天平最少称几次,才能确定三种颜色各自哪一颗是重球?
英文原题
We have two red, two green and two yellow balls. For each color, one ball is heavy and the other is light. All heavy balls weigh the same. All light balls weigh the same. How many weighings on a scale are necessary to identify the three heavy balls?
解析
每种颜色重球在两颗中二选一,共 种情况。一次称重只有 3 种结果,因此至少需要 次称重。
下面给出一个用 2 次称重一定能确定的策略(可自适应):
把每种颜色两球分别记为 ,,。
第 1 次称重:称 (左)对 (右)。
记结果为:左重 / 平衡 / 右重。第二次称重按第 1 次结果选择:
-
若第 1 次“左重”,则可能情况只有 3 种:
- 为重;
- 为重;
- 为重。
第 2 次称重:称 (左)对 (右)。
- 左重:对应情况 1( 重且 轻),重球为 ;
- 平衡:对应情况 2( 与 都重),重球为 ;
- 右重:对应情况 3( 轻且 重),重球为 。
-
若第 1 次“平衡”,则只可能是两种情况之一:
- 为重;
- 为重。
第 2 次称重:称 (左)对 (右)。
- 左重:重球为 ;
- 右重:重球为 。
-
若第 1 次“右重”,则可能情况只有 3 种:
- 为重;
- 为重;
- 为重。
第 2 次称重:同样称 (左)对 (右)。
- 左重:对应情况 1( 重且 轻),重球为 ;
- 平衡:对应情况 2( 与 都轻),重球为 ;
- 右重:对应情况 3( 轻且 重),重球为 。
因此 2 次称重既必要也足够。
英文解析
Each color has two heavy balls, with a total of possible cases. Since a single weighing yields only 3 outcomes, at least weighings are required.
Below is a strategy that guarantees identification of the heavy balls in 2 weighings (adaptive):
Label the two balls of each color as , , and .
1st Weighing: Weigh (left) against (right).
Record the result as: Left heavy / Balanced / Right heavy. The 2nd weighing is chosen based on the 1st result:
-
If the 1st result is "Left heavy", there are only 3 possible cases:
- are heavy;
- are heavy;
- are heavy.
2nd Weighing: Weigh (left) against (right).
- Left heavy: Corresponds to case 1 ( heavy and light); the heavy balls are.
- Balanced: Corresponds to case 2 ( and both heavy); the heavy balls are.
- Right heavy: Corresponds to case 3 ( light and heavy); the heavy balls are.
-
If the 1st result is "Balanced", it must be one of two cases:
- are heavy;
- are heavy.
2nd Weighing: Weigh (left) against (right).
- Left heavy: The heavy balls are .
- Right heavy: The heavy balls are .
-
If the 1st result is "Right heavy", there are only 3 possible cases:
- are heavy;
- are heavy;
- are heavy.
2nd Weighing: Similarly, weigh (left) against (right).
- Left heavy: Corresponds to case 1 ( heavy and light); the heavy balls are.
- Balanced: Corresponds to case 2 ( and both light); the heavy balls are.
- Right heavy: Corresponds to case 3 ( light and heavy); the heavy balls are.
Thus, 2 weighings are both necessary and sufficient.