HMMT 二月 2007 · TEAM1 赛 · 第 14 题
HMMT February 2007 — TEAM1 Round — Problem 14
题目详情
英文原题
- [ 40 ] Find an explicit, closed form formula for
( )
∑knnk · ( − 1) ·
.kn + k + 1
k =1 2
解析
英文解析
- [ 40 ] Find an explicit, closed form formula for
( )
∑knnk · ( − 1) ·
.kn + k + 1
k =1
n !( n + 1 )!
− 1
Answer: or − or obvious equivalent .
2 n + 1
( 2 n + 1 )!
( )
Solution. Consider the interpolation of the polynomial P ( x ) = x · n ! at x = 0 , 1 , . . . , n . We obtainnthe identity
∑ ∏nx − j
P ( x ) = x · n ! = k · n !
k − jk =0 j 6 = k
∑nx ( x − 1) · · · ( x − k + 1)( x − k − 1) · · · ( x − n ) = k · n ! ·
n − kk !( n − k )!( − 1)
k =0
( )
∑nnn − k = k · ( − 1) · · x ( x − 1) · · · ( x − k + 1)( x − k − 1) · · · ( x − n ) .
k =1 k
This identity is valid for all complex numbers x , but, to extract a factor from the valid product 1
n + k +1
of each summand, we set x = − n − 1, so that
( )
( )
n nn
∑ ∑kk ( − 1) (2 n + 1)!
n − knk − ( n +1)! = k ( − 1) ( − n − 1) · · · ( − n − k )( − n − k − 2) · · · ( − 2 n − 1) = .
k n !( n + k + 1)
k =1 k =1
Finally,
( )
∑knnk · ( − 1) ·
− n !( n + 1)! − 1 = = ( ) .k
2 n +1
n + k + 1 (2 n + 1)!
k =1 n 6