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HMMT 二月 2007 · TEAM1 赛 · 第 14 题

HMMT February 2007 — TEAM1 Round — Problem 14

专题
Contest Math / 竞赛数学
难度
L3
来源
HMMT

题目详情

英文原题

  1. [ 40 ] Find an explicit, closed form formula for
    ( )
    ∑knnk · ( − 1) ·
    .kn + k + 1
    k =1 2
解析

英文解析

  1. [ 40 ] Find an explicit, closed form formula for
    ( )
    ∑knnk · ( − 1) ·
    .kn + k + 1
    k =1
    n !( n + 1 )!
    − 1
    Answer: or − or obvious equivalent .
    2 n + 1
    ( 2 n + 1 )!
    ( )
    Solution. Consider the interpolation of the polynomial P ( x ) = x · n ! at x = 0 , 1 , . . . , n . We obtainnthe identity
    ∑ ∏nx − j
    P ( x ) = x · n ! = k · n !
    k − jk =0 j 6 = k
    ∑nx ( x − 1) · · · ( x − k + 1)( x − k − 1) · · · ( x − n ) = k · n ! ·
    n − kk !( n − k )!( − 1)
    k =0
    ( )
    ∑nnn − k = k · ( − 1) · · x ( x − 1) · · · ( x − k + 1)( x − k − 1) · · · ( x − n ) .
    k =1 k
    This identity is valid for all complex numbers x , but, to extract a factor from the valid product 1
    n + k +1
    of each summand, we set x = − n − 1, so that
    ( )
    ( )
    n nn
    ∑ ∑kk ( − 1) (2 n + 1)!
    n − knk − ( n +1)! = k ( − 1) ( − n − 1) · · · ( − n − k )( − n − k − 2) · · · ( − 2 n − 1) = .
    k n !( n + k + 1)
    k =1 k =1
    Finally,
    ( )
    ∑knnk · ( − 1) ·
    − n !( n + 1)! − 1 = = ( ) .k
    2 n +1
    n + k + 1 (2 n + 1)!
    k =1 n 6