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折断木棍的短段期望

Breaking Stick

专题
Probability / 概率
难度
L4

题目详情

一根长度为 LL 的木棍在 [0,L][0,L] 上均匀随机选一点折断。

问:较短那段的长度期望是多少?

英文原题

The stick drops and breaks at a random point distributed uniformly across the length. What is the expected length of the smaller part?

解析

答案是 L/4L/4。

设断点位置为 X∼Unif(0,L)X\sim\mathrm{Unif}(0,L)。较短段长度为 min⁡(X,L−X)\min(X, L-X)。

由对称性:在 X≤L/2X\le L/2 时短段是 XX,其期望为 L/4L/4;在 X≥L/2X\ge L/2 时短段是 L−XL-X,期望同样为 L/4L/4。

因此总体期望为 L/4L/4。


英文解析

Solution

The probability that the break point belongs to first half is 1/2. In this case, the expected length of the small part is L/4. Its L/4 in the other case too. Hence E = 1/2 * L/4 + 1/2 * L/4 = L/4