AIME 2010 I · 第 6 题

Solution

Solution 1

Let $Q(x) = x^2 - 2x + 2$, $R(x) = 2x^2 - 4x + 3$. Completing the square, we have $Q(x) = (x-1)^2 + 1$, and $R(x) = 2(x-1)^2 + 1$, so it follows that $P(x) \ge Q(x) \ge 1$ for all $x$ (by the Trivial Inequality).

Also, $1 = Q(1) \le P(1) \le R(1) = 1$, so $P(1) = 1$, and $P$ obtains its minimum at the point $(1,1)$. Then $P(x)$ must be of the form $c(x-1)^2 + 1$ for some constant $c$; substituting $P(11) = 181$ yields $c = \frac 95$. Finally, $P(16) = \frac 95 \cdot (16 - 1)^2 + 1 = \boxed{406}$.

Solution 2

It can be seen that the function $P(x)$ must be in the form $P(x) = ax^2 - 2ax + c$ for some real $a$ and $c$. This is because the derivative of $P(x)$ is $2ax - 2a$, and a global minimum occurs only at $x = 1$ (in addition, because of this derivative, the vertex of any quadratic polynomial occurs at $\frac{-b}{2a}$). Substituting $(1,1)$ and $(11, 181)$ we obtain two equations:

$P(11) = 99a + c = 181$, and $P(1) = -a + c = 1$.

Solving, we get $a = \frac{9}{5}$ and $c = \frac{14}{5}$, so $P(x) = \frac{9}{5}x^2 - \frac{18}{5}x + \frac {14}{5}$. Therefore, $P(16) = \boxed{406}$.

Solution 3

Let $y = x^2 - 2x + 2$; note that $2y - 1 = 2x^2 - 4x + 3$. Setting $y = 2y - 1$, we find that equality holds when $y = 1$ and therefore when $x^2 - 2x + 2 = 1$; this is true iff $x = 1$, so $P(1) = 1$.

Let $Q(x) = P(x) - x$; clearly $Q(1) = 0$, so we can write $Q(x) = (x - 1)Q'(x)$, where $Q'(x)$ is some linear function. Plug $Q(x)$ into the given inequality:

$x^2 - 3x + 2 \le Q(x) \le 2x^2 - 5x + 3$

$(x - 1)(x - 2) \le (x - 1)Q'(x) \le (x - 1)(2x - 3)$, and thus

$x - 2 \le Q'(x) \le 2x - 3$

For all $x > 1$; note that the inequality signs are flipped if $x < 1$, and that the division is invalid for $x = 1$. However,

$\lim_{x \to 1} x - 2 = \lim_{x \to 1} 2x - 3 = -1$,

and thus by the sandwich theorem $\lim_{x \to 1} Q'(x) = -1$; by the definition of a continuous function, $Q'(1) = -1$. Also, $Q(11) = 170$, so $Q'(11) = 170/(11-1) = 17$; plugging in and solving, $Q'(x) = (9/5)(x - 1) - 1$. Thus $Q(16) = 390$, and so $P(16) = \boxed{406}$.

Solution 4

Let $Q(x) = P(x) - (x^2-2x+2)$, then $0\le Q(x) \le (x-1)^2$ (note this is derived from the given inequality chain). Therefore, $0\le Q(x+1) \le x^2 \Rightarrow Q(x+1) = Ax^2$ for some real value A.

$Q(11) = 10^2A \Rightarrow P(11)-(11^2-22+2)=100A \Rightarrow 80=100A \Rightarrow A=\frac{4}{5}$.

$Q(16)=15^2A=180 \Rightarrow P(16)-(16^2-32+2) = 180 \Rightarrow P(16)=180+226= \boxed{406}$

Solution 5

Let $P(x) = ax^2 + bx + c$. Plugging in $x = 1$ to the expressions on both sides of the inequality, we see that $a + b + c = 1$. We see from the problem statement that $121a + 11b + c = 181$. Since we know the vertex of $P(x)$ lies at $x = 1$, by symmetry we get $81a -9b + c = 181$ as well. Since we now have three equations, we can solve this trivial system and get our answer of $\boxed{406}$.

Solution 6

Similar to Solution 5, let $P(x) = ax^2 + bx + c$. Note that $(1,1)$ is a vertex of the polynomial. Additionally, this means that $b = -2a$ (since $\frac{-b}{2a}$ is the minimum $x$ point). Thus, we have $P(x) = ax^2 - 2ax + c$. Therefore $a - 2a + c = 1$. Moreover, $99a + c = 181$. And so our polynomial is $\frac{9}{5}x^2 - \frac{18}{5}x + \frac{14}{5}$. Plug in $x = 16$ to get $\boxed{406}$.

Solution 7

Very similar to Solution 6, start by noticing that $P(x)$ is between two polynomials, we try to set them equal to find a point where the two polynomials intersect, meaning that $P(x)$ would also have to intersect that point (it must be between the two graphs). Setting $x^2 - 2x + 2 = 2x^2 - 4x + 3$, we find that $x = 1$. Note that both of these graphs have the same vertex (at $x = 1$), and so $P(x)$ must also have the same vertex $(1, 1)$. Setting $P(x) = ax^2 - 2ax + a + 1$ (this is where we have a vertex at $(1, 1)$), we plug in $11$ and find that $a = 1.8$. Evaluating $1.8x^2 - 3.6x + 2.8$ when $x = 16$ (our intended goal), we find that $P(16) = \boxed{406}$.