AIME 2008 I · 第 13 题

Solution

Solution 1

$$\begin{aligned} p(0,0) &= a_0 \\ &= 0 \\ p(1,0) &= a_0 + a_1 + a_3 + a_6 \\ &= a_1 + a_3 + a_6 \\ &= 0 \\ p(-1,0) &= -a_1 + a_3 - a_6 \\ &= 0 \end{aligned}$$ Adding the above two equations gives $a_3 = 0$, and so we can deduce that $a_6 = -a_1$.

Similarly, plugging in $(0,1)$ and $(0,-1)$ gives $a_5 = 0$ and $a_9 = -a_2$. Now,

$$\begin{aligned} p(1,1) &= a_0 + a_1 + a_2 + a_3 + a_4 + a_5 + a_6 + a_7 + a_8 + a_9 \\ &= 0 + a_1 + a_2 + 0 + a_4 + 0 - a_1 + a_7 + a_8 - a_2 \\ &= a_4 + a_7 + a_8 \\ &= 0 \\ p(1,-1) &= a_0 + a_1 - a_2 + 0 - a_4 + 0 - a_1 - a_7 + a_8 + a_2 \\ &= -a_4 - a_7 + a_8 \\ &= 0 \end{aligned}$$ Therefore $a_8 = 0$ and $a_7 = -a_4$. Finally,

$$\begin{aligned} p(2,2) &= 0 + 2a_1 + 2a_2 + 0 + 4a_4 + 0 - 8a_1 - 8a_4 +0 - 8a_2 \\ &= -6 a_1 - 6 a_2 - 4 a_4 \\ &= 0 \end{aligned}$$ So, $3a_1 + 3a_2 + 2a_4 = 0$, or equivalently $a_4 = -\frac{3(a_1 + a_2)}{2}$.

Substituting these equations into the original polynomial $p$, we find that at $\left(\frac{a}{c}, \frac{b}{c}\right)$,

$$a_1x + a_2y + a_4xy - a_1x^3 - a_4x^2y - a_2y^3 = 0 \iff$$ $$a_1x + a_2y - \frac{3(a_1 + a_2)}{2}xy - a_1x^3 + \frac{3(a_1 + a_2)}{2}x^2y - a_2y^3 = 0 \iff$$ $$a_1x(x - 1)\left(x + 1 - \frac{3}{2}y\right) + a_2y\left(y^2 - 1 - \frac{3}{2}x(x - 1)\right) = 0$$ . The remaining coefficients $a_1$ and $a_2$ are now completely arbitrary because the original equations impose no more restrictions on them. Hence, for the final equation to hold for all possible $p$, we must have $x(x - 1)\left(x + 1 - \frac{3}{2}y\right) = y\left(y^2 - 1 - \frac{3}{2}x(x - 1)\right) = 0$.

As the answer format implies that the $x$-coordinate of the root is non-integral, $x(x - 1)\left(x + 1 - \frac{3}{2}y\right) = 0 \iff x + 1 - \frac{3}{2}y = 0 \iff y = \frac{2}{3}(x + 1)\ (1)$. The format also implies that $y$ is positive, so $y\left(y^2 - 1 - \frac{3}{2}x(x - 1)\right) = 0 \iff y^2 - 1 - \frac{3}{2}x(x - 1) = 0\ (2)$. Substituting $(1)$ into $(2)$ and reducing to a quadratic yields $(19x - 5)(x - 2) = 0$, in which the only non-integral root is $x = \frac{5}{19}$, so $y = \frac{16}{19}$.

The answer is $5 + 16 + 19 = \boxed{040}$.

Solution 2

Consider the cross section of $z = p(x, y)$ on the plane $z = 0$. We realize that we could construct the lines/curves in the cross section such that their equations multiply to match the form of $p(x, y)$ (same degree of $x$ and $y$ in terms) and they include the eight given points. One simple way to do this would be to use the equations $x = 0$, $x = 1$, and $y = \frac{2}{3}x + \frac{2}{3}$, giving us

$p_1(x, y) = x\left(x - 1\right)\left( \frac{2}{3}x - y + \frac{2}{3}\right) = \frac{2}{3}x + xy + \frac{2}{3}x^3-x^2y$.

Another way to do this would to use the line $y = x$ and the ellipse, $x^2 + xy + y^2 = 1$. This would give

$p_2(x, y) = \left(x - y\right)\left(x^2 + xy + y^2 - 1\right) = -x + y + x^3 - y^3$. (But

(Another way would be to use the hyperbola from Solution 1. Interesting that different curves both work.)

At this point, we consider that $p_1$ and $p_2$ both must have $\left(\frac{a}{c}, \frac{b}{c}\right)$ as a zero. A quick graph of the 4 lines and the ellipse used to create $p_1$ and $p_2$ gives nine intersection points. Eight of them are the given ones, and the ninth is $\left(\frac{5}{19}, \frac{16}{19}\right)$. The last intersection point can be found by finding the intersection points of $y = \frac{2}{3}x + \frac{2}{3}$ and $x^2 + xy + y^2 = 1$. Finally, just add the values of $a$, $b$, and $c$ to get $5 + 16 + 19 = \boxed{040}$

Solution 3 (Ansatz)

We can plug in the values to obtain

$$p(0,0)=0\Longrightarrow a_0=0$$ $$p(1,0)=0\Longrightarrow a_1+a_3+a_6=0$$ $$p(0,1)=0\Longrightarrow a_2+a_5+a_9=0$$ $$p(-1,0)=0\Longrightarrow a_1-a_3+a_6=0$$ $$p(0,-1)=0\Longrightarrow a_2-a-5+a_9=0$$ $$p(1,1)=0\Longrightarrow a_4+a_7+a_8=0$$ $$p(1,-1)=0\Longrightarrow a_4+a_7-a_8=0$$ $$p(2,2)=0\Longrightarrow2a_4=3a_6+3a_9\Leftrightarrow2a_4+3a_1+3a_2=0.$$ Now, this means that

$$p(x,y)=a_1x+a_2y+a_4xy-a_1x^3+a_7x^2y+a_8xy^2-a_2y^3.$$ After some simplifying, we obtain

$$p(x,y)=a_1(x-x^3)+a_2(y-y^3)+a_4xy(1-x).$$ Since $p(x,y)=0$, $3a_1+3a_2+2a_4=0,$ and we suspect that:

$$x-x^3=y-y^3$$ and

$$\frac{x-x^3}{xy(1-x)}=\frac{3}{2}\Leftrightarrow\frac{1+x}{y}=\frac{3}{2} \Leftrightarrow\frac{2}{3}+\frac{2x}{3}=y$$ .

Plugging this into the first equation, and factoring, and cancelling $(x+1)$, and simplifying, we get $19x^2 -43x+10=0$, so we find that $(x,y)=\left(\frac{5}{19},\frac{16}{19}\right)\Longrightarrow a+b+c=5+16+19=\boxed{40}.$

~~pinkpig

Video Solution

2008 AIME I #13

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