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AIME 1999 · 第 10 题

AIME 1999 — Problem 10

专题
Contest Math
难度
L4
来源
AIME

题目详情

Problem

Ten points in the plane are given, with no three collinear. Four distinct segments joining pairs of these points are chosen at random, all such segments being equally likely. The probability that some three of the segments form a triangle whose vertices are among the ten given points is m/n,m/n, where mm_{} and nn_{} are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m+n.

解析

Solution 1

First, let us find the number of triangles that can be formed from the 10 points. Since none of the points are collinear, it is possible to pick (103){10\choose3} sets of 3 points which form triangles. However, a fourth distinct segment must also be picked. Since the triangle accounts for 3 segments, there are 45−3=4245 - 3 = 42 segments remaining.

The total number of ways of picking four distinct segments is (454){45\choose4}. Thus, the requested probability is (103)⋅42(454)=10⋅9⋅8⋅42⋅4!45⋅44⋅43⋅42⋅3!=16473\frac{{10\choose3} \cdot 42}{{45\choose4}} = \frac{10 \cdot 9 \cdot 8 \cdot 42 \cdot 4!}{45 \cdot 44 \cdot 43 \cdot 42 \cdot 3!} = \frac{16}{473}. The solution is m+n=489m + n = 489.

Solution 2

Note that 4 segments can NEVER form 2 triangles. Therefore, we just need to multiply the probability that the first three segments picked form a triangle by 4. We can pick any segment for the first choice, then only segments that share an endpoint with the first one, then the one segment that completes the triangle. Note that the fourth segment doesn't matter in this case. Note that there are (9−1)×2=16(9 - 1) \times 2 = 16 segments that share an endpoint with the first segment. The answer is then 4×1644×143=1611×143=16473  ⟹  m+n=4894 \times \frac{16}{44} \times \frac{1}{43} = \frac{16}{11} \times \frac{1}{43} = \frac{16}{473} \implies m + n = \boxed{489} -whatRthose

Solution 3

Instead of working with the four segments, let's focus on their endpoints. When we select these segments, we are working with 4,5,6,7,4, 5, 6, 7, or 88 endpoints in total.

If we have 6,7,6, 7, or 88 endpoints, it is easy to see that we cannot form a triangle by drawing four segments between them, because at least one point will be "left out".

However, if we have 55 endpoints, we can use three segments form a triangle with three of the points and connect the remaining two points with the last segment. There are (105){10\choose5} ways to select these 55 points from the original 10,10, and (53){5\choose3} ways to decide which three points are in the triangle.

Finally, if we have 44 endpoints, we can also form a triangle with three of the points, then use the remaining segment to connect the last point to either of the previous three. We have (104){10\choose4} ways to select the 44 points and (43){4\choose3} ways to choose three points for the triangle. Finally, we must connect the last point to one vertex of the triangle; we can do this in 33 ways.

As in Solution 1, there are (454){45\choose4} total ways to select four segments. So, our desired probability is

(105)(53)+(104)(43)⋅3(454)=16473  ⟹  m+n=489.\dfrac{{10\choose5}{5\choose3}+{10\choose4}{4\choose3}\cdot 3}{{45\choose4}}=\dfrac{16}{473} \implies m + n = \boxed{489}. --vaporwave