返回题库

领先 2 分

2 Lead

专题
Probability / 概率
难度
L2

题目详情

Alice 与 Bob 打一组球赛,从 0 分开始。

每局 Alice 以 30% 概率获胜(局与局独立)。每局赢家 +1 分、输家 -1 分。

先达到 +2 分者赢下整组。求 Alice 赢下整组的概率。

英文原题

Alice and Bob are playing basketball. Both start from 0 points. Each game, Alice has a 30% chance of winning, independent between games. In each game, the winner gains 1 point and the loser loses 1 point. The first person to 2 points wins the set. Find the probability Alice wins the set.

解析

把分差视为随机游走:每局 Alice 赢则 +1+1(概率 p=0.3p=0.3),Alice 输则 1-1(概率 q=0.7q=0.7)。从 0 出发,吸收边界为 +2+2(Alice 组胜)与 2-2(Alice 组负)。

将状态平移到 {0,1,2,3,4}\{0,1,2,3,4\},起点为 2,目标为先到 4(胜)而非 0(负)。设 r=q/p=73r=q/p=\frac{7}{3}

带偏赌徒破产的命中概率为

P(先到 4从 2 出发)=1r21r4.\mathbb{P}(\text{先到 4}\mid\text{从 2 出发})=\frac{1-r^2}{1-r^4}.

代入得 r2=49/9, r4=2401/81r^2=49/9,\ r^4=2401/81,因此

149/912401/81=40/92320/81=958.\frac{1-49/9}{1-2401/81}=\frac{-40/9}{-2320/81}=\frac{9}{58}.

所以 Alice 赢下整组的概率为 958\boxed{\frac{9}{58}}


英文解析

Consider the score difference as a random walk: Alice wins +1+1 (probability p=0.3p=0.3) and Alice loses 1-1 (probability q=0.7q=0.7). From 0, the absorption boundary is +2+2 (Alice wins) and 2-2 (Alice negative).

Pan to {0,1,2,3,4}\{0,1,2,3,4\} starting at 2 and aiming for 4 (wins) first instead of 0 (negative). Set r=q/p=73r=q/p=\frac{7}{3}.

The probability of hitting a bankruptcy with a biased gambler is

P(hit 4 firststarting from 2)=1r21r4.\mathbb{P}(\text{hit 4 first}\mid\text{starting from 2})=\frac{1-r^2}{1-r^4}.

into r2=49/9,r4=2401/81r^2=49/9, r^4=2401/81, so

149/912401/81=40/92320/81=958.\frac{1-49/9}{1-2401/81}=\frac{-40/9}{-2320/81}=\frac{9}{58}.

So the odds of Alice winning the set are 958\boxed{\frac{9}{58}}.