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无色面立方体

Colorless Sides

专题
Probability / 概率
难度
L4

题目详情

一个 3×3×3 的大立方体外表面全部涂成蓝色,然后切成 27 个 1×1×1 的小立方体。

随机取出其中一个小立方体并放置,使你能看到它的 5 个面(底面不可见),并且观察到这 5 个可见面都没有颜色。

求:该小立方体恰好有 1 个涂色面的概率是多少?

英文原题

A 3×3×33 \times 3 \times 3 cube that is colored blue on the outside is cut into 2727 1×1×11 \times 1 \times 1 smaller cubes. You randomly select a cube from the 2727 and see 5 sides without any color. Calculate the probability that the cube has one colored side?

解析

满足“可见 5 面无色”的只可能是:

  • 内部中心块:1 个(0 个涂色面),必满足。
  • 面中心块:6 个(1 个涂色面),只有当那唯一的涂色面朝下时满足,概率为 1/61/6

因此在该观测条件下的后验权重:

  • 中心块:1×1=11\times 1=1
  • 面中心块:6×(1/6)=16\times (1/6)=1

归一化后

P(恰 1 个涂色面可见 5 面无色)=11+1=12.P(\text{恰 1 个涂色面}\mid\text{可见 5 面无色})=\frac{1}{1+1}=\frac{1}{2}.

英文解析

Only the following are possible to satisfy the "visible 5-sided colorless":

  • Inner center block: 1 (0 colored surfaces), must be satisfied.
  • Face center block: 6 (1 colored face), only satisfied when the only colored face is facing down, the probability is 1/61/6.

So the posterior weights in this observational condition:

  • Center block: 1×1=11\times 1=1;
  • Face center block: 6×(1/6)=16\times (1/6)=1.

After normalization

P(exactly one painted facefive visible faces are unpainted)=11+1=12.P(\text{exactly one painted face}\mid\text{five visible faces are unpainted})=\frac{1}{1+1}=\frac{1}{2}.